A detour that was not planned led to one the most important discoveries in the history and exploration of science. A Dominican friar Tomas de Berlanga was on a ship en route to Peru when it encountered a calm. The unpredictable currents in the Pacific carried the ship off course. He discovered a group of remote volcanic islands that were unknown to the rest of the world. They are now known as “the Islands of Giant Tortoises” or Galapagos Archipelago. This discovery revealed an amazing ecosystem that has attracted visitors all over the globe for five centuries. It is also a place of scientific research and conservation.

A Chance Encounter that Leads to Conservation Legacy

Berlanga’s letters described a harsh, rugged landscape, with arid soils and scarce freshwater. He also mentioned strange creatures that he had never seen before. Unaware, Berlanga had stumbled upon a living lab of biodiversity where evolution has produced many unique and spectacular species that are found nowhere else in the world.

The archipelago is facing increasing challenges due to climate change, increased tourism and threats to biodiversity. Conservation efforts are more important than ever. The Galapagos Islands are still a symbol of resilience, and they remind us of the importance to protect the last remaining wild places in the world.

Galapagos: A commitment to the future

We are committed to the success of this unique ecosystem at Galapagos Conservancy. We work to protect the Galapagos species and habitats through conservation programmes and environmental educational programs.

We invite you to join us in celebrating the 100th anniversary of this historic find. Every action counts. We can ensure that these islands will remain a symbol for hope, scientific discoveries, and conservation in the future with your help.

The school break is a great opportunity for children to learn about nature, explore it, and make connections with it. This will help foster respect and environmental responsibility among future generations. Galapagos Conservancy recognized this and developed ” Tortuamigos – Move and Connect!“, a program that integrates education and fun. The program is more than a fun way to pass the time. It also provides participants with the knowledge they need to conserve one of the most remarkable ecosystems in the world: the Galapagos Islands.

Methodology and Approach

Tortuamigos is based on experiential learning, which ensures that participants learn while actively participating in conservation efforts. Each activity is designed for children to be inspired and strengthened their connection with nature. The program is led by international volunteers and experienced educators. It offers a rich experience that promotes critical thinking, curiosity, and passion for nature.

This program is designed for children and youth in Galapagos. It benefits about 100 participants, strengthening their connection with nature and drawing inspiration and the most iconic species of the archipelago: the giant turtle.

Regular outdoor field trips allow participants to explore their environment, learn the importance of tortoises within the ecosystem and develop conservation practices. The program is run in collaboration with education, the Bellavista Parish Government, the Tomas de Bernlanga Parish government, and Galapagos National Park Directorate to ensure a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach.

Families and the Community Benefit

Tortuamigos offers children a chance to interact meaningfully with the natural world. Parents are also proud to see their children developing a strong awareness of the environment. The program promotes ecological responsibility, strengthens community ties and involves families and educators to protect Galapagos’ natural heritage.

Tortuamigos not only helps young people develop a stronger connection to nature, but also empowers them to become future conservationists. Participants develop their observation skills, problem-solving ability, and teamwork through a variety hands-on activities.

Impact and Future Perspectives

Tortuamigos is envisioned as a catalyst of cultural change that will last beyond the holiday period. Our environmental education program, so far, has increased interest in conservation as well as community participation. The program is a model of environmental education. It integrates interactive workshops with play-based learning in order to engage and inspire children.

We want to continue to refine and expand our program to provide a powerful educational experience. We will use monitoring and evaluating tools to measure and evaluate the impact of our programs and refine our strategies in order to maximize conservation and learning outcomes.

Galapagos Conservancy believes that education can be a powerful tool to protect ecosystems. Tortuamigos helps us shape the next generation conservation leaders. We ensure that they have the knowledge, sensitivity and motivation to protect the archipelago’s natural wonders.

We are Galapagos Conservation and we’re proud to support scientific research, as well as preserve the natural heritage of the archipelago. We contributed three important specimens this week to the Vertebrate Collection of the Charles Darwin Research Station. This collection, which is the largest repository for natural history specimens on the Galapagos Islands with over 135,000 specimens and 7,500 species, houses the most specimens. The zoological collections are an important resource for conserving and studying the rich biodiversity of the Galapagos Islands.

Specimens Contributed

• The Pink Iguana is a Conolophus Marthae. A complete skeleton was found by a Galapagos Conservancy Expedition to Wolf Volcano at the northern end Isabela Island . The holotype, a specimen that is essential to the classification of this critically endangered species and endemic, has not yet been designated. This contribution could become the official pink iguana holotype, marking a milestone in scientific documentation for this newly discovered species.
• “Aplastado Giant Tortoise” ( Chelonoidis Vicina) : The shell of a giant tortoise male was delivered to Cerro Azul Volcano, Southern Isabela Island during a Galapagos Conservancy Expedition. This shell has a flattened morphology that is unique to Cerro Azul tortoises. This shell is unique in that there are no previous records of such a form. Studying this shell will help us better understand the morphological variation among Galapagos tortoises.
• Eastern Santa Cruz Giant Tortoise ( The first adult shell of Chelonoidis Donfaustoi will be added to the Charles Darwin Research Station collection in 2020.

Science and the Future

These specimens will become part of the scientific collections, underlining the importance of physical records in the study and preservation of the unique Galapagos reptiles.

These specimens have a significant impact on our understanding of Galapagos biodiversity and provide new research opportunities. Each specimen contains valuable information on the morphological variations of these key species.

Every contribution that improves the scientific collection strengthens our commitment to conservation. This integration represents not only an important step for research, but also highlights the importance of institution collaboration in protecting Galapagos’ unique species.

The Galapagos Islands are a biodiversity treasure trove, home to unique species found nowhere else on earth, including the iconic giant tortoises. Over three centuries, these majestic creatures were driven to the brink of extinction. Today, they are making a remarkable recovery, thanks in large part to the dedicated efforts of Galapagos Tortoise breeding centers. These centers are the nucleus of one of the most successful endangered species repopulation efforts ever undertaken.

Since the discovery of the Galapagos 500 years ago, the archipelago’s endemic giant tortoises have faced drastic environmental changes, including severe threats to their survival. Unregulated hunting and the introduction of invasive mammals pushed three species into extinction and the populations of most of the remaining 12 species to dangerously low numbers. However, thanks to scientific advances, conservation innovation and the commitment of dedicated institutions and scientists, the Galapagos giant tortoises are getting a second chance.

The first Giant Tortoise breeding center was established in the 1960s as a joint effort between the Galapagos National Park Directorate (GNPD) and the Charles Darwin Foundation (CDF), and quickly became the cornerstone of tortoise recovery efforts.

Today, three breeding centers provide a safe haven where thousands of young turtles grow up under the care of dedicated caretakers until they are large and strong enough to return to their natural habitat. Since their establishment, these centers have successfully reintroduced more than 10,000 tortoises to their native habitats, an effort that is now being carried out through the collaborative work of the GNPD and the Galapagos Conservancy under the Galapagos Program Initiative.

The Crisis That Led to the Creation of Breeding Centers

To understand the vital work being done by the GNPD and Galapagos Conservancy, one must first understand the depth of the crisis that prompted the creation of the breeding centers.

By the 1950s, scientists were sounding the alarm: giant tortoise populations had been devastated by centuries of human exploitation and the spread of invasive species, including goats (Capra hircus), pigs (Sus scrofa), and black rats (Rattus rattus), which posed a variety of threats.

To combat this crisis, the first Giant Tortoise breeding center was established in 1965 on Santa Cruz Island. This was eventually followed by the creation of two additional centers on Isabela and San Cristobal islands.

How Do the Breeding Centers Work?

The breeding centers follow a carefully designed process to maximize hatching success and survival to support population recovery:

• Egg collection and incubation: Eggs are collected from tortoise nests in the wild and transferred to the breeding centers, where they are incubated under controlled conditions, ensuring their safety from predators and harsh environmental conditions.
• Temperature control for sex determination: Scientific research has shown that incubating tortoise eggs at higher temperatures produces more females, thereby accelerating population recovery.
• Safe rearing: Once hatched, the young tortoises remain in the protected environment of the centers for at least five years, the threshold age at which they are strong enough to survive on their own in the wild.
• Release into native habitats: After 5 years, young tortoises are returned to their home islands to grow for another 10 years until they mature and start breeding in the wild on their own.

This program has saved several species from extinction, including the Espanola Island tortoise (Chelonoidis hoodensis). In the late 1970s, only 14 Espanola tortoises remained in the wild, and another was discovered in captivity in California. Thanks to the concerted efforts of the breeding program, these 15 turtles produced more than 2,000 hatchlings in captivity. All of these have been successfully reintroduced to the Spanish island, where the population is now recovering on its own.

The Science Behind Giant Tortoise Conservation

The conservation of Galapagos giant tortoises depends not only on dedicated human efforts but also on cutting-edge science and technology that guides every stage of their recovery. Over the years, breeding centers have integrated numerous scientific advances, which have significantly improved hatching success rates, captive breeding techniques and survival in the wild.

One groundbreaking innovation was the introduction of automated incubators.

These state-of-the-art systems, equipped with microprocessors, enable precise temperature control and reliable hatching, ensuring optimal conditions for turtle embryo development and survival. Since their implementation in 2017, these incubators have achieved an impressive 90% hatching success rate, a breakthrough in turtle conservation. In the wild, less than 10% of turtle eggs laid hatch. Increasing hatching rates greatly increases the number of turtles and accelerates their recovery.

Scientific research has also played a key role in revealing how temperature influences the sex of hatchlings. Con este conocimiento, los programas de cria han refinado los protocolos de incubacion para favorecer la produccion de hembras, una estrategia crucial para acelerar la recuperacion y asegurar la estabilidad a largo plazo en la naturaleza.

After incubation, hatching, and rearing, successful tortoise reintroduction requires rigorous ecological assessments. Before each release, experts carefully evaluate environmental conditions to determine the optimal habitat and the best window for return, specifically, after the rains have created abundant forage for the young turtles.

Additionally, field studies have been instrumental in identifying the optimal size and age for reintroduction, maximizing survival rates while refining conservation strategies and resource allocation. Continually refining our methods for monitoring tortoise populations in their natural habitat helps measure the success of these efforts. Implementing these methods ensures that every turtle released has the best chance of thriving in the wild, reaffirming the long-term success of population restoration programs.

Sustaining Giant Tortoise Recovery: Challenges and Opportunities

While there has been considerable progress in giant tortoise restoration efforts, significant challenges remain in ensuring their long-term survival.

Invasive species continue to pose a major threat on certain Galapagos islands: black rats and feral pigs raid nests, destroying eggs and hatchlings, severely impacting population recovery; feral dogs prey on juveniles in some locations, and fire ants threaten hatchlings in others; cattle also damage tortoise habitat and nests; some invasive plants, mainly guava and blackberry, alter tortoise habitats, making them impenetrable even to adult tortoises.

Climate change presents an additional risk. Even small temperature fluctuations in nesting sites can disrupt egg development. Unfortunately, these changes also generate more favorable conditions for invasive species. Understanding these environmental changes is essential for developing adaptive conservation strategies to safeguard turtle populations.

The Galapagos Islands were officially annexed by Ecuador on February 12, 1832. This marked the beginning of a new era in the political, cultural and ecological history of the archipelago. This momentous event in Ecuadorian History marked a major political milestone, and began a process of conservation and protection of one of the most precious natural sanctuaries of the world.

After gaining independence in 1830 from Gran Colombia, Ecuador wanted to consolidate its territorial sovereignty. Jose de Villamil was a distinguished military leader and politician who led the expedition to secure the annexation of Galapagos Islands by the newly formed Republic of Ecuador. Su estrategia y liderazgo permitio a las autoridades ecuatorianas reconocer y afirmar el control sobre este extraordinario territorio.

On February 12, 1832 President Juan Jose Flores, after receiving reports from General Villamil issued the official decree that officially integrated the Galapagos Islands into Ecuadorian Territory . This was the beginning of an historic relationship between Ecuador, and this amazing archipelago.

Soon after annexation by Ecuador, the first human settlement was established in the Galapagos. The settlement was intended for convicts and part of a plan to populate the Galapagos Islands. This human presence endured extremely harsh conditions and laid the foundation for future settlements, and eventually colonization of the Galapagos Islands. It also marked the beginning of a complex interplay between humans and their natural environment.

The Galapagos Islands, with their unique wildlife and strategic location, have drawn global attention over the years. During World War II the United States built a military facility to protect the eastern Pacific and the Panama Canal. This underscored the geopolitical importance of the archipelago.

This international connection is still vital today, but it has a new mission: conservation. The Galapagos Islands have become a symbol for environmental stewardship through global collaboration. They inspire nations to work together in order to protect their unique ecosystems.

Galapagos Conservation works tirelessly to protect the flora, fauna and ecosystems of these islands. We have made great strides with the help of many dedicated individuals and partners, including those based in the United States.

Galapagos’ story is more than just its annexation. It is also a testament of a world community dedicated to its preservation. The islands, once viewed as desolate and uninviting, have become one of the most precious natural reserves in the world. Despite the challenges of climate change and invasive species, there is hope in those like you who recognize and champion this place’s profound natural legacy.

We reaffirm, as we celebrate this historical milestone, our unwavering dedication to protecting the Galapagos Islands for future generations. It is not only a local duty to preserve this unique paradise, but a global mission which unites all of us in protecting its natural wonders.

You are part of the story, and you have helped to conserve Galapagos.

Visit Galapagos Conservation to learn more about what we do and how you can protect Galapagos.

Lonesome George is a symbol of the Galapagos biodiversity and a conservation icon around the world. His legacy continues the fight to preserve unique species.

This image combines the Wall of Tears built by prisoners during the 20th century with a Galapagos tortoise, symbolizing both the rich history of humanity and the natural beauty of the archipelago.

Baltra, 1960s: Tourists and locals arrive in Galapagos at the beginning of tourism development in the archipelago.

The iconic Ninfa Bar was a hub of social activity for both locals and tourists during the early days when tourism increased in Galapagos.

The fishermen of Galapagos clean their catch as frigatebirds circle overhead, illustrating the relationship between the fishing communities and the wildlife on the islands.

A photo from the past of Puerto Ayora Bay. It shows sailboats, wooden boats, and the Mistral. The Mistral was one of the very first tourist boats in the archipelago. This marked the beginning of tourism on Galapagos.

A historical scene of a settlement on horseback, and a family of visitors or residents, navigating the archipelago during the colonization years.