The discovery of Fernanda — a female Galapagos tortoise, the last member of the Fernandina (Chelonoidisphantasticus), previously believed extinct for more than a century — marked a conservation breakthrough by rediscovering an lost species. It is now highlighting the grim reality that species are extinction. The Galapagos Conservancy, the Galapagos National Park Directorate and other teams have made extensive expeditions to Fernandina island to search for another member of this species. Despite their efforts, they were unsuccessful. We are moving closer to the conclusion that Fernanda may be an endling.

A Remarkable Discovery

Galápagos giant tortoise

©Joshua Vela

Scientists from the Galapagos Conservancy and the Galapagos National Park Directorate discovered Fernanda in 2019. The initial excitement was temper with caution as genetic tests would be needed to confirm the species.

The geneticists at Yale University led by Dr. Gisella Caccone performed the analysis. The DNA of Fernanda matched the only other giant tortoise found on Fernandina Island, which was killed in 1906 by scientists and stored in a museum ever since. This confirmation led to a large-scale and immediate response to find a male partner for Fernanda in order to revive the almost extinct species.

The Quest for Survival

Galapagos National Park Directorate, and Galapagos Conservancy, were energized by this scientific confirmation. They organized ambitious expeditions in order to find additional tortoises. Scientists, rangers and volunteers searched the island despite its challenging terrain, which is dominated by a volcano. Even aerial support was mobilized to explore terrains that were inaccessible. No other tortoises were found.

Conservation Dilemma

Fernanda’s discovery gave hope, but the fact that no other animals of her kind have been found highlights the tragedy facing many species. Fernanda is currently housed at the Giant Tortoise Breeding Center, Santa Cruz. She serves as a symbol of both hope and urgency in conservation efforts.

Danny Rueda Cordova said, “We want to avoid Lonesome George’s fate,” referring the the last Pinta tortoise that died in 2012. It left no offspring. Fernanda needs a companion to avoid another heartbreaking loss.

The case of Fernanda – the presumed lone Fernandina tortoise surviving – encapsulates both the moral and complex challenges of modern conservation. Her survival in spite of all odds is a glimmering hope. However, the fact that no other members of the species have been found underscores how urgent and complex the work ahead will be. Fernanda is a powerful reminder of nature’s fragility and resilience. Her existence fuels efforts to preserve not only her species, but also the ecosystem in which she lives.

Patricia Stucki shares her inspiring story in the Galapagos Archipelago. This is a remote place where biodiversity and preservation are vital. Patricia Stucki, a naturalist and chocolate lover, successfully blended her Swiss heritage into the rich ecosystem on the islands thanks to the Galapagos Conservancy.

Birth of a Conservation Passion

Patricia, who grew up in Switzerland near a cocoa factory, developed a deep connection to the world of chocolate at a very young age. Her passion for cocoa has guided her to an unexpected career.

Patricia Stucki began her commitment to conservation in Galapagos on the busy streets of Switzerland. She sold chocolates to raise money for the islands. She managed this initiative from Switzerland and it showed her love for the islands long before she became a resident. This unexpected encounter created a bond with this natural wonder. As a naturalist in Galapagos today, Patricia shares not only the beauty of the island but also the story of how the chocolate sparked her love for the place. This connection has fuelled her desire to directly contribute to the conservation efforts of this beautiful archipelago.

She purchased land on Santa Cruz Island’s highlands in 2010, with the goal of growing her own cocoa. Her love of cocoa and her determination helped her overcome initial difficulties. Her perseverance paid off and now her plantation houses over 2000 cocoa trees, each with their own story of growth.

Galapagos Conservancy Influence

Two farmers skillfully process cocoa beans into nibs and chocolates, a project supported by Galápagos Conservancy that provides employment in the local community.

©Galápagos Conservancy

Patricia says that “this trip wouldn’t have happened without the financial assistance from the Galapagos Conservancy Grants.” As tourism in Galapagos was declining due to Covid-19, Patricia felt inspired to expand her company. The Galapagos Conservancy grants enabled Patricia to not only plant seeds, but also adopt sustainable production methods. This has contributed significantly to the conservation of the archipelago.

Patricia is now exploring the infinite possibilities of cocoa. The cocoa shells can be transformed into chocolate tea that is served with cinnamon and hot water. The nibs are made by breaking and roasting cocoa beans. They are high in iron, antioxidants and can be added to granolas or cookies. The nibs are also transformed into a liquid chocolate that is molded, infused with customized ingredients and can be refined. Galapagos Chocolate is more than a delicious treat. It’s also a testament of Patricia’s commitment to produce high-quality cocoa chocolate in the Enchanted Islands.

Each cocoa seed that grows in the Galapagos highlands represents Patricia’s passion, and the bridge connecting two worlds – the Swiss and Enchanted Archipelago. Her story shows how passion and persistence can bring disparate worlds together, bringing Swiss chocolate to Galapagos.

A cup of chocolate tea, a flagship product of Patricia’s project, is enjoyed by both tourists and the local community.

©Galápagos Conservancy

The Galapagos Archipelago is our top priority for conservation and restoration of giant tortoise population. They are not only impressive, but also important ecologically as seed dispersers and primary herbivores. Both are essential processes to maintain the ability of ecosystems to provide essential benefits for both humans and the environmental. It is important to protect these species not only as an environmental commitment but also urgently in order to preserve the resilience and integrity of this unique place.

Our scientific research and conservation efforts are focused on the 12 giant tortoise types that inhabit Galapagos. We remain vigilant regarding the dire situation of certain species. The Santiago Island has 1000-1200 individuals, mainly males. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species this species is listed as Critically Endemic since 2015.

Transfer and Collection of Hatchlings and Eggs

Recently, a team of scientists and park rangers with the Galapagos National Park Directorate embarked on a trip to the giant tortoise breeding areas on Santiago Island. The main goal of the expedition was to collect eggs and newly hatched tortoises to be transferred to the Breeding and Rearing Center, located on Santa Cruz Island. This center has significantly improved hatching rates and egg hatching rates. During the operation, 169 hatchlings and 169 eggs were successfully transported.

Each egg that is brought to the Breeding Center is a step in the right direction for the conservation of giant turtles. In order to guarantee the survival of the species, eggs and hatchlings are transported by air. We can overcome logistical obstacles by using helicopter transport, which increases hatching rates and hatchlings’ survival.

Long-term Recovery

Freddy Villalba, a seasoned park ranger specialized in giant tortoises, meticulously inspects the condition of tortoise eggs before transportation.

©Galápagos Conservancy

After they reach the size and condition necessary to survive in the natural habitat, these young tortoises are returned to their native island to support the Santiago population. It should take around five years. This is a crucial step in restoring the giant tortoise populations of Santiago to their historical size and range.

Washington Tapia is our General Director and he has stressed that it is more important than ever to take research and management measures. He said that, “similar to what was achieved with other tortoise populations like Espanola in more critical circumstances, we aim at outpacing the specter extinction, and contributing to the restoration population, thus assisting in the ecological recovery of the island.”

Thanks to the generosity of donors who care about conservation, the collaboration between Galapagos Conservancy, the Galapagos National Park Directorate and Galapagos Conservancy is a key component of the strategies of the archipelago for ecosystem restoration and recovery of giant turtle populations.

Freddy Villalba, a seasoned park ranger specialized in giant tortoises, meticulously inspects the condition of tortoise eggs before transportation.

©Galápagos Conservancy

Scientists and nature enthusiasts have been fascinated by the Galapagos giant turtles, symbols of this archipelago for centuries. Tortoises are known for their size and longevity. They can live up to a century and weigh more than 550 pounds. Their relaxed demeanor is a testament to their importance.

A landmark two-year study

In a pioneering study, launched in August of 2021, Galapagos Conservancy teamed up with the Galapagos National Park Directorate to monitor the migratory pattern of giant tortoises on Wolf Volcano. Wolf Volcano is the highest peak within the archipelago, at 5,600 feet. Three male and three adult female tortoises were fitted with state-of-the art satellite trackers.

The two-year study shed light on the behavior of these animals by taking into consideration seasonal variations such as rain, food availability, and Wolf Volcano’s extreme temperature swings. The study considered other biological rhythms such as nesting times.

Satellite tracking data is a great tool for guiding conservation efforts. The data paints a vivid image of how tortoises adapt to the varied altitudes at Wolf Volcano and relate to their surroundings.

Remarks from the Slow Lane

These tortoises migrate between nesting zones in arid areas and feeding areas at higher altitudes, despite their slow pace. The seasonality of Galapagos directly influences their movements, but climate changes are rewriting the age-old migration stories, casting shadows over the future survival and well-being of the species.

A giant tortoise of the Chelonoidis becki species found at the summit of Wolf Volcano, 5,600 feet above sea level.

©Jorge Carrión / Galápagos Conservancy

The giant tortoises are more than just wanderers. They are also diligent gardeners. By eating fruits and plants, giant tortoises help to spread diverse flora on the Galapagos Islands.

Dr. Jorge Carrion is our Director of Conservation and he pointed out the domino effect that their slow movements have on the ecosystem. Darwin’s Finches eat parasites on the skin of tortoises and their shells. Tortoises also influence the structure and distribution of other species in the landscapes they rest on.

According to the study, tortoises living on Wolf Volcano are capable of covering distances up to 12 miles. Fascinatingly, males follow different routes than females. The males will go to higher altitudes up to 3,940 ft. and stay there for a longer time, requiring more food to sustain their larger frame. Females, on the other hand, tend to stay between 2,625 and 2,950 ft.

Conservation Implications

It is crucial to understand these behavioral nuances, and the ecological dynamics that govern them. This is especially true in an age of increasing human intervention and climate change. It is vital to ensure that these majestic creatures have unobstructed nesting areas and migration routes.

This study reveals the complex tapestry that is the Galapagos giant turtles’ daily life. It highlights their crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of the archipelago, and emphasizes the need to protect the Galapagos ecosystem.

Movement dynamics of female and male tortoises on Wolf Volcano along the altitudinal gradient over two years.

©Jorge Carrión / Galápagos Conservancy

Invasive ants are a silent, but deadly threat to the Galapagos Archipelago. The invasive ants disrupt the fragile ecological balance and threaten the rare and vulnerable species of the Galapagos Archipelago in protected areas. They also have an adverse impact on the economic sectors.

Context and Challenge

According to research funded by the Charles Darwin Foundation and the Galapagos National Park Directorate, 22 ant species were introduced to the Galapagos Islands. These included the big-headed ant and the deadly flame ant. Both are listed among the top 100 invasive exotic species around the world. These insects are a threat to birds, plants and invertebrates. They also pose a danger to nesting areas of giant tortoises. They also have a significant impact on local economies, as they pose serious challenges to agriculture.

In order to address this issue and to strengthen conservation efforts, the Galapagos Biosecurity and Quarantine Regulation and Control Agency ABG (the Galapagos health authority) has committed to financial support. The ABG aims to control and prevent invasive species and develop effective management techniques for urban, agricultural, and rural areas. They also aim to prevent the introduction and spread of new species such as ants.

Control and Monitoring Strategies

Biosecurity agents patrol strategic areas like docks, markets and waste collection centers. They use baits such as sausages, peanutbutter, tuna and honey to attract and detect ants. The ants collected are then analyzed to determine whether they are a new species. These data are crucial for the implementation of control measures in agricultural and urban areas. In addition, farmers are involved in field interventions to control ant populations and protect crops. To simplify the identification and control of ants, a digital catalog will be created. This will provide technicians and producers with accurate tools and timely information to address these threats.

Alliance Against Invasion Tackling the Ant Threat in Galapagos

Ronal Azuero, Biosecurity Agent of the Agency for Regulation and Control of Biodiversity and Quarantine for Galápagos (ABG), shares knowledge with local farmers and producers, guiding them in the effective application of products to combat invasive ants. ©Galápagos Conservancy

Uniting Forces for the Future

Marilyn Cruz, executive director of the Galapagos Biosecurity Agency explains that fighting invasive species requires strategic alliances. We are grateful for the Galapagos Conservancy’s invaluable support, which improves our prevention control and eradication efforts. Together, we protect this World Natural Heritage Site,” she highlighted.

This initiative is crucial not only to preserve the unique Galapagos ecosystems but also to ensure a sustainable future, especially in agriculture and tourism. According to Dr. Jorge Carrion from our Conservation Department, ants are an invasive species which threatens the ecological stability of the archipelago and impacts agricultural production. He said that ant colonies can directly harm the eggs of giant turtles. The hatchlings of these tortoises are also vulnerable to ants. This has led to the death of many young turtles.

We commend the Galapagos Biosecurity and Quarantine Regulation and Control Agency on their persistence and dedication in reducing the impact of invasive species. This collaborative, united approach shows how we can protect local economies and, most importantly, conserve Galapagos’ natural heritage for future generations by working together.

Alliance Against Invasion Tackling the Ant Threat in Galapagos

In the laboratory, experts meticulously examine ants collected during interventions by Biosecurity Agents. Accurate species identification is essential to develop effective control strategies. ©Galápagos Conservancy

Galapagos Conservancy announces the approval and funding for 26 innovative projects as part of the fifth round of its conservation grant program. These initiatives, led both by community members and organizations from the Galapagos, can make a significant contribution to both environmental conservation and the socioeconomic development for Galapagos residents. These projects, from sustainable agricultural practices, to the establishment in Floreana of a library for community members, to an entrepreneurial bootcamp for women, are a step toward a future which balances environmental stewardship and social equity. They highlight Galapagos Conservancy’s commitment to pioneering innovative sustainable solutions.

Promoting Responsible Socioeconomic Growth

These initiatives demonstrate a wide range of conservation strategies. Some of these initiatives are directed at conservation efforts, especially those that are led by local groups, while others aim to engage youth through interactive environmental education. These projects aim to inspire a lifetime commitment to environmental stewardship in the next generations. A number of projects aim to increase local production and consumption, and promote sustainable living and healthier lifestyles. This multifaceted approach reflects the innovative and diverse strategies used to meet Galapagos’ unique conservation and sustainability issues.

New Chapter in Conservation Sustainability

Luis Sánchez, a recipient of our conservation grants, leads groundbreaking fungal research on Santa Cruz Island, crucial for environmental management. ©Galápagos Conservancy

Commitment and financial investment

Amy Doherty revealed that more than $500,000 had been allocated to 26 new local initiatives as part of this important fifth grant round. Amy Doherty, our Vice President of Operations, revealed that over $500,000 has been allocated to these 26 new local initiatives in this important fifth round of grants. Since the launch of the program in 2021 we have invested almost $5 million into local initiatives that focus on conservation and sustainable development in the archipelago. Amy stated that this latest round of funding “reaffirms the unwavering commitment we have to the prosperity of Galapagos and its ecological integrity.”

Galapagos Conservancy is proud to have supported 161 projects since 2021 on Santa Cruz and San Cristobal. Isabela has also been supported, as well as Floreana. These initiatives, led by women who are inspiring, entrepreneurs and local institutions, show our commitment to a model of sustainability that strikes a balanced between economic development and environmental preservation while promoting community well-being. Each project demonstrates the power of teamwork in transforming a sustainable Galapagos to future generations.

New Chapter in Conservation Sustainability

Novarino Castillo’s agricultural nursery, a sustainable farming initiative, thrives with the support from Galápagos Conservancy grants. ©Galápagos Conservancy